Cingulate Gyrus - Limbic System

 Cingulate Gyrus

The cingulate gyrus is connected with the olfactory cortex, the hypothalamus, the frontal cortex, the caudal portion of the orbital cortex, and the rostral portion of the insular cortex. Electrical stimulation of its rostral region in humans leads to changes in blood pressure, pulse rate, and respiration rate. Changes in temperature, erection of the hair, dilatation of pupils, increased salivation, and altered gastric motility have been observed in stimulation or lesion ex-periments in monkeys.

The cortex of the cingulate gyrus influences the hypothalamus and the autonomic nervous system. The limbic system obviously plays an important role in the regu-lation of basic vital processes, such as foodintake, digestion, and reproduction (see alsohypothalamus,, and amygdaloid body,). These are the primary vital functions that serve self-preservation as well as species preservation and are always accompanied by pleasurable sensations or reluctance. Hence, emotional states havebeen attributed to the limbic system.



Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

Orbital cavity (eye socket) - Structure of the Eye

Image
  Orbit The orbital cavity (eye socket) is lined by the periosteum ( periorbita ) ( C26 ) and is filled with fatty tissue, the  orbital fat body  ( C27 ), in which the eyeball ( C28 ), the optic nerve ( C29 ), and the eye muscles ( C30 ) are embedded. At the anterior margin of the orbit, the fatty tissue is demarcated by the orbital septum ( BC31 ). The fatty tissue is separated from the eyeball by a connective tissue capsule, the  bulbar sheath  ( C32 ), which encloses the  sclera  ( C33 ). C34 Choroidea. C35 Osseous wall of the orbit.
Read more

Ciliary Body - Structure of the Eye

Image
  Ciliary Body The lens is suspended at the circular  ciliarybody  ( A19 ,  D ). The muscles of the ciliarybody control the curvature of the lens  and, hence, the visual acuity for close and distant vision. It consists of a radially folded surface, the  ciliary disk  ( D20 ), from where approximately 80  ciliaryprocesses  ( D21 ) protrude ( ciliary crown ). Theanterior part of the disk is occupied by the ciliary muscle; its muscle fibers, the  merid-ional fibers  ( A22 ), span between the oraser-rata and the reticulum trabeculare as well as Descemet’s membrane. From here, radial muscle fibers extend inward and bend to take a circular course ( circular fibers ) ( A23 ). The posterior surface of the ciliary body is covered by the  ciliary part of the retina ( A24 ). Delicate fibers, the  zonular fibers  ( AD25 ), extend from the ciliary body to the lens and form the  ciliary zone  ( D26 ). Many fibers ori...
Read more

Red Nucleus and Substantia Nigra

Image
  Red Nucleus and Substantia Nigra Lateral View of the Brain Stem (A) The two large nuclei extend far toward the diencephalon. The  substantia nigra  ( AB1 ) reaches from the oral part of the  pons  ( A2 ) to the  pallidum ( AB3 ) in the diencephalon. Both nuclei are important relay stations of the extrapyramidal system. Red Nucleus (A, B) The nucleus ( AB4 ) appears reddish in a fresh brain section (high iron content, p. 148, A). It consists of the parvocellular  neorubrum  and the magnocellular  paleoru-brum  situated ventrocaudally. Afferent connections The  dentatorubral fasciculus  ( B5 ) of the  dentate nucleus  ( B6 ) of the cerebellumruns in the  superior cerebellar peduncle  and terminates in the       contralateral red nucleus.   !     The  tectorubral tract  ( B7 ) of the superior colliculus terminates in the ipsilateral and contralateral...
Read more