Innervation of the Skin

 Innervation of the Skin

The sympathetic fibers returning from the sympathetic trunk ganglia into the spinal nerves  run in the peripheral nerves to the skin, where they innervate vessels, sweat glands, and erector pili muscles (vasomotor, sudomotor, pilomotor functions) in the corresponding derma-tomes. Segmental loss of these func-tions is of diagnostic significance in injuries to the spinal cord.


Clinical Note: In specific skin regions, Head’s zones (zones of hyperalgesia) (B), disease of anorgan may give rise to pain or hypersensitivity, with each organ being represented in a specific zone: diaphragm (B7) (C4), heart (B8) (T3/4), esophagus (B9) (T4/5), stomach (B10) (T8), liver and gallbladder (B11) (T8 – 11), small intestine (B12) (T10), large intestine (B13) (T11), urinary bladder (B14) (T11 – L1), kidneys and testes (B15) (T10 – L1). The Head’s zones are of practical im-portance in the diagnosis.

Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

Red Nucleus and Substantia Nigra

Image
  Red Nucleus and Substantia Nigra Lateral View of the Brain Stem (A) The two large nuclei extend far toward the diencephalon. The  substantia nigra  ( AB1 ) reaches from the oral part of the  pons  ( A2 ) to the  pallidum ( AB3 ) in the diencephalon. Both nuclei are important relay stations of the extrapyramidal system. Red Nucleus (A, B) The nucleus ( AB4 ) appears reddish in a fresh brain section (high iron content, p. 148, A). It consists of the parvocellular  neorubrum  and the magnocellular  paleoru-brum  situated ventrocaudally. Afferent connections The  dentatorubral fasciculus  ( B5 ) of the  dentate nucleus  ( B6 ) of the cerebellumruns in the  superior cerebellar peduncle  and terminates in the       contralateral red nucleus.   !     The  tectorubral tract  ( B7 ) of the superior colliculus terminates in the ipsilateral and contralateral paleorubrum. !     The  pallidorubral tract  ( B8 ) consists of pallidotegmental bundles from the inner segment of the pallidum. !     The
Read more

Spinal Meninges - Spinal Cord

Image
  Spinal Meninges The spinal cord in the vertebral canal is surrounded by the following connective tissue membranes: the  tough spinal meninx  ( pachymeninx ), or  spinal dura mater  ( A1 ), and the  soft spinal meninx  ( leptomeninx ) consisting of the  spinal arachnoidea  ( A2 ) and the  spinal pia mater  ( A3 ). The spinal dura mater forms the outermost sheath which is separated from the perios-teum-like lining of the vertebral canal, the  endorhachis  ( A4 ), by the  epidural space  ( A5 ).The space is filled with adipose tissue and contains an extensive venous plexus, the  in-ternal vertebral venous plexus  (see vol. 2).The dura mater forms caudally the  dural sac  ( B6 ), enveloping the  cauda equina  ( B7 ), and finally extends together with the terminal filament as a thin cord up to the periosteum of the coccyx ( dural terminal filament ) ( B8 ). Only at the oral end at the  foramen magnum  (occipital bone) is the dural sac attached to bone. The epidural space forms a resilient
Read more